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Of The Evil Empire:
Imperialist Devastation of Peoples and the Evils
Done in our Names
By Manuel Valenzuela
01/11/06 "ICH"
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Let us for a few moments put aside our lavish lifestyles of
fortuitous endowment and providence that have made us blind to the
realities of billions of our fellow humans. Let us ignore our plasma
televisions, our DVDs, our two-story cookie cutter homes and
gas-guzzling SUVs. Let us promise to not open our overstocked
pantries and refrigerators, or to go out and eat at one of many
corporate controlled franchise restaurants offering vast assortments
of gargantuan meals. We should ignore the opulence of our society
that dwells permanently in our minds that makes us forget the severe
indigence and suffering that transpires beyond our shores and
borders.
In short, we should come out of our luxurious bubble that has
shielded us from the evils inflicted on billions of humans that have
not been as privy to a life of safety and security. Let us traverse
the road of reality, sojourning through history and through mirages
of hidden truths. Let us dive into the making of the Evil Empire so
that we may see what our government has and continues to do in our
name. The road ahead will not be easy to swallow or comprehend, yet
we must open our minds to the possibility that what has happened is
real and what is occurring is not fiction. Only then will we
understand why our hands are smeared in the blood of tens of
millions of human cadavers and countless more whose lives and
futures have been devastated at the hands of the United States of
America. Only by knowing who and what we are can we correct
ourselves.
Our society is ingrained with an appetite for violence. It is
apparent in the over 11,000 murders by firearm per year. It is
apparent in Hollywood’s gratuitous assembly-line of blood and gore,
violence, devastation and death. It is visible in the ever-growing
number of video games sold to our children depicting egregious
violence, killings and bloodletting. Our society celebrates
violence, be it through football, hockey or boxing, television,
cartoons and music. Even Disney cartoon movies have as a main theme
battles of good versus evil and the plethora of violence,
destruction and death associated with them. The US military
industrial complex supplies the world with 50 percent of all weapons
for sale on the market.
Yet without public demand for violence none of the above would
exist. It is the citizenry – with complicit help from government and
corporate media – that drives the engine that conditions us toward
accepting and participating in our violent society.
Violence in America is today a manifestation of our society and
history, of a never ending thirst for blood, conquest, oppression
and death that sprung from the first moment of Puritan arrival.
Before and after the Revolutionary war Americans participated in one
of the greatest acts of genocide and ethnic cleansing the world has
ever witnessed. Millions upon millions of native Indians were
slaughtered, raped and cleansed from the lands of North America.
Manifest destiny ransacked from Atlantic to Pacific like a
devastating hurricane, destroying everything native people thought
precious and sacred. Wars against native populations extinguishing
the energies of men, women, children and elderly alike. The American
thirst for violence had been born. The addiction for blood would
become insatiable and never ending.
Native peoples’ lands were taken from them; lies, manipulations and
betrayals erased their tribes from the homes they once knew and
cherished. Replanted into hellholes called reservations, Indians
were left to rot away their existence, given only the evil of
Firewater to wash away their inner demons and scars in a land both
alien and inhospitable. Hidden from the voracious Anglo onslaught,
Indians of talent and ability were left to dwell on a future lost
through the disappearance of opportunity. Disease, depression, lack
of education and incessant poverty soon followed. Demons of a life
wasted and opportunity lost consumed those who escaped the barrel of
a gun and the virus of the white man.
Entire ethnicities, tribes, languages and cultures were eviscerated
from the face of the Earth by those whose importance of property and
ownership superceded the respect for human life. Beautiful peoples
took with them to the grave lives living free, roaming pristine and
untouched forests, deserts and prairies, being one with nature,
respecting everything that breathed and a spirituality that has much
to offer our capitalistic civilization. Advanced civilizations in
wisdom and spirituality, yet seen as savages to the “more
sophisticated” European people, native peoples’ way of life was
vanished, never to fully flourish again. Millions ethnically
cleansed, millions whose lives were made barren, all making way for
the destructive bulldozer ravaging land and man. The Evil Empire had
sprung to life, a trail of victims visible everywhere the giant
walked.
Not satisfied with the killing of millions of native peoples, the
citizens of America next decided to unleash hell onto each other. As
a result the American Civil War of the latter part of the 19th
century killed more than 600,000 people, leaving the United States
mourning for brothers and sons, fathers and grandfathers. Graveyards
littered the landscape; battlefields were transformed into fields of
death and devastation. Divided a prospering nation stood, soaked in
blood and agony, splitting apart families, creating widows and
orphans. In the end, hundreds of thousands lay dead, many more
maimed and wounded, all to quench the voracious appetite for
violence, death and destruction.
The Evil Empire’s cannibalism was only the beginning of a much
greater disease.
Lands and People of Asia
As the Empire grew stronger so too did its addiction for expansion.
War with Spain commencing in 1898 brought forth new lands, colonies
and treasure. Yet it also brought forth death and destruction.
American violence had not dissipated; it had only evolved, with new
forms of warfare and destruction arising with the passage of time.
Tens of thousands died on both sides. In the end, the United States
had conquered both man and land, thereby increasing its power and
prestige. The Empire was growing, prospering and learning that force
was the means by which to achieve its ends. Force was weapons,
intimidation, violence and war. It was victory and imperialism. It
was the means to becoming the most powerful nation on the planet.
The Evil Empire had grown up, as the Philippines would soon learn.
In 1899 Filipino forces seeking independence from Spain confronted
in armed struggle American forces intent on maintaining the
colonization of the nation. A ruthless war of attrition between the
two forces began. For the next three years tens of thousands of
native resistance fighters died at the hands of the much more
technologically sophisticated and economically powerful American
military. Numerous war crimes were committed by American soldiers.
Destruction and looting of property, shooting of captives, rapes of
women, torture of prisoners and civilians, devastation of the
environment and the forced social engineering of the people were
thrust upon the nation in an orgy of occupier lawlessness.
In addition, over 200,000 civilians perished due to the brutal
scorched earth policy implemented by the US military that destroyed
agriculture, fertile land and villages. In addition, many thousands
died from cholera arising out of economic devastation of
infrastructure. The harsh subjugation of the Filipino people was a
form of collective punishment that America used as a weapon of war
in order to pacify the independently minded population. The American
intervention in the Philippines indiscriminately erased from the
face of the Earth hundreds of thousands of innocent civilians. This
is called genocide, and the Evil Empire got exceedingly good at it.
The reality of what happened over 100 years ago is comfortably
hidden away from us today. The American war in the Philippines is
today but an asterisk in our history books, yet the gravity of the
malevolence cannot be forgotten. It certainly is not included in the
educational material of our children, or in those of our own
childhood, however. Why is this? What the US government does in our
name cannot be made known lest the population rage in anger at the
wickedness that America exports abroad. Genocide, collective
punishment, scorched earth policy and ethnic cleansing leading to
the deaths of hundreds of thousands of human beings is not something
to be proud of. Not when Stalin, Hitler and the Nazis did the exact
same thing.
In the Philippines the Evil Empire was only getting warmed up. For
the next 100 years it controlled all aspects of the Philippine
government. The US installed minions and puppets that kept the
populace in dire poverty, robbing the nation blind and fostering an
era of inept and corrupt leaders handpicked by America. Ferdinand
Marcos, who ruled as dictator of the beleaguered nation from 1965
until his ouster in 1986, is the best example of American complicity
in the utter devastation of both the people and economy of the
Philippines.
Marcos ruled with extreme harshness, subverting democracy, robbing
the nation blind (some estimates have him stealing anywhere from $3
to $30 billion dollars) and killing thousands of dissenters and
opposition members who dared speak out against the injustices and
inequalities. He brought onto the nation’s masses untold suffering,
indigence and slave labor, wages and conditions. Hundreds of
thousands have died form malnourishment, disease, poverty and
exploitation. The nation’s debt amassed under Marcos is today
responsible for the dire circumstances of the population, and is a
reason for the growth of Muslim and Marxist revolutionary groups
prospering and threatening the government.
The beneficiary of the evil spawned by Marcos you may ask? The Evil
Empire, which established military bases that helped expand the
Empire geopolitically, collected hundreds of millions of dollars in
debt, exploited slave labor for the manufacture of cheap products
sold back in the US and controlled a subjugated populace through
neo-liberal economic policies that privatized and made available to
American corporations national industries and utilities. The Evil
Empire and the Corporate Leviathan are one and the same, after all,
their interests not mutually exclusive.
The Evil Empire’s claws of incessant violence soon expanded to other
nations of Southeast Asia. When its addiction for destruction was
not satisfied with the firebombing of Tokyo that killed hundreds of
thousands of civilians, it turned to that most evil of human
creations: the atomic bomb. After becoming the only nation to ever
use atomic weapons on innocent populated areas, killing hundreds of
thousands and unleashing utter devastation on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki, America soon launched its appetite for blood in the Korean
Peninsula after it entered the war, creating vast killing fields of
both soldiers and civilians. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers on
all sides perished along with upwards of three million Koreans
(North and South) who were caught in the crossfire of ideologies and
human wickedness.
Following the Korean War America soon found itself immersed in yet
another war, this time in Vietnam. Decades of war led to the death
of 58,000 American soldiers, over 100,000 South Vietnamese soldiers
and close to one million North Vietnamese soldiers. Estimates place
the number of civilian deaths at anywhere from 400,000 to two
million. If the illegal American bombing of Cambodia and Laos
orchestrated by Henry Kissinger is considered, in which civilian
targets were selected and bombed, upwards of two million more
Southeast Asians can be added to the Evil Empire’s macabre
statistics. Furthermore, many more died as a result of the total
devastation of land and infrastructure the bombings and war created,
including the continued death and disease of land and man due to the
lingering effects of Agent Orange and through the enormous amount of
unexploded bombs and ordinance still littering the ground.
Indonesia is another nation that, through the American imposed and
supported dictator Mohamed Suharto, suffered tremendously thanks to
the meddling by the Evil Empire. Under Suharto’s watch, anywhere
from 500,000 to two million people were killed in a 1965 alleged
coup attempt, most of them dissenters, leftists, communists or
opposition members. In 1975, with American blessings and weaponry,
Suharto invaded East Timor in order to stop an insurrection by the
native people, killing 250,000 people out of a population of
650,000. During Suharto’s stay in power he detained and executed
hundreds of thousands of Indonesian opposition members. His reign
ended in 1998. During this time corruption was endemic, as was the
subversion of democracy, freedoms and rights. In 1999 it was found
that the Suharto family fortune totaled $15 billion, most of it
coming from those government funds created thanks to international
loans and the labor of the masses.
Lands and People of Latin America
The Evil Empire’s omnipotent reach has had devastating effects in
Latin America as well. The US government has interfered with the
internal governance of several Central and South American nations in
its quest to maintain its form of democracy and capitalism. The US
has meddled in Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela,
Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, Peru and Brazil, not to mention Cuba,
Haiti and the Dominican Republic in the Caribbean. The Evil Empire
has imposed coups and US friendly dictatorships and leaders in many
of the above mentioned nations. In Central America it supplied death
squads with military support and logistics. In Chile, Argentina and
Brazil, dictators, with the consent of their American masters,
initiated a war against leftist dissenters and opponents, leading to
the disappearance of thousands of men and women. In Panama, Manuel
Noriega, a former CIA puppet, betrayed his American masters and hell
was unleashed on Panama City by the US military. Anywhere from 3,000
to 10,000 civilians died as the Evil Empire pursued the capture of
one man.
Today, the Evil Empire is once more interfering in the
destabilization of Latin American nations. Haiti is but the latest
but by no means the last country to be burned by the searing claws
of America’s might. President Aristide, a champion of the poor and a
seeker of equality and justice, stepped on US shoes with his
defiance of neo-liberal threats imposed on him by Haiti’s elite and
the Bush administration. In essence, he sealed his own fate, and the
clandestine coup sponsored by the US removed Aristide from office.
As a result, Haiti, which has been the slave shop for US
corporations for decades, will remain poor and exploited, a cesspool
of poverty and hopelessness for its citizens.
Colombia has, thanks to the US, become a militarized zone where
hundreds of people are killed on a yearly basis. Civil war has
ensnarled the nation, instability runs amok and the livelihood of
rural peasants has been destroyed by the coca eradication program
enacted the America that has ruined arable land. With the potential
of large oil reserves present under the nation’s lands and the
already discovered exploitable natural resources prevalent
throughout the countryside, Colombia has become a target for US
interests. Oil and energy companies, along with their growing
infrastructure, are already protected by the US military as they
continue their exploitation of the nation.
Meanwhile, the Evil Empire already has its sites set on
destabilizing Venezuela and a harsh critic of the US, Hugo Chavez.
Forces now at work, supported and maintained by the US, are slowly
setting in motion mechanisms that, it is hoped, will unseat Chavez
from office, whether by force or other means, thereby installing a
friendly US pro-neo-liberal puppet that will allow for the pilfering
of Venezuelan oil by the Evil Empire. A coup, assassination and or
invasion are not out of the realm of possibilities, especially when
the Devil's excrement is involved.
What the Evil Empire has done to Latin America and its hundreds of
millions of people is the imposition – by its proctors in high
office and its bullying threats involving capital – of market
colonialism that has had the effect of imprisoning and enslaving the
masses. Neo-liberal ideology has indebted most “third-world”
nations, not simply those of Latin America, and it has furthered
indigence, lack of education, the corrosive caste system upon which
millions are born into, inequality, injustice, hunger, disease,
suffering, loss of opportunity and death.
Latin American nations have been made worse off since the inception
of neo-liberal economic models forcefully imposed by the Evil
Empire. As a result, labor has been made cheaper for US
corporations, translating into cheaper goods for its citizens.
Through the back-breaking slave labor, conditions and wages Latin
Americans are exploited so that we in the rich north can consume to
our hearts content. Yet millions upon millions live in squalor,
surviving day to day, usually earning less than two dollars a day,
living in feeble conditions and without the chance of ever improving
their lives due to the non-existence of opportunity.
The Evil Empire’s domination of Latin America (for more detail
please see my January 12th article, Not in Our Backyard) has
resulted in the mass migration towards our borders. When mechanisms
such as NAFTA and neo-liberal tools are put in place in countries
such as Mexico, only the elite benefit and profit. Everyone else is
made worse off; jobs are meager, scarce and dehumanizing. US
subsidies to agriculture have devastated rural farmers and workers
in Latin America. When these people leave for the cities they find
that employment is non-existent and life unbearable. The push to
migrate north, where natives no longer perform the jobs of hard
labor, is tremendous.
Thus, today we see millions of undocumented workers living in the
US. It is the Evil Empire’s imposed economic models and trade
mechanisms that have created the eruption of Latin slave labor in
our nation. Is it any coincidence that the mass migration north
began after NAFTA was imposed on the region? The only entities that
have benefited from NAFTA, both in the US and Mexico, are the
corporations and the few ruling elite. Everyone else has been thrust
into the realm of exploitation and failure.
The near enslavement of Latin America for the benefit of the Evil
Empire has devastated millions of lives, talent and ability. It has
created colonized economies, based on US crony capitalism that has
exploited both man and land. Public companies and utilities have
been privatized and subjugated to fit the Leviathan’s goals. The
rich have become richer while the poor poorer, and this has led to
the greatest disparity in wealth the region has ever seen.
The Evil Empire has created a region that has for the last fifty
years been subservient to the US. Its many puppets and proctors have
helped devastate lives and subjugate the masses. Democracy has
historically been an illusion. Fraud, coups, assassinations,
destabilization, dictatorships and a state of perpetual wretchedness
have been used by the Evil Empire as tools to control Latin America.
When the will of the people triumphs, such as in Chile with Allende,
Venezuela with Chavez or Haiti with Aristide, the Evil Empire
imposes its will in order to decimate democracy and maintain a
system that benefits the US, its corporations and the elite.
Social democracy and economic models that benefit the masses are not
allowed to flourish lest they become a threat to the US. Systems of
governance that benefit the people are never allowed to prosper,
lest the “pestilence” gain momentum and traverse like a virus beyond
borders, giving millions of destitute people hope. Only US style
crony capitalism that makes serfs and slaves of the masses for the
greater benefit of the Leviathan and the elite oligarchs can exist.
Only US style debauched democracy can stand, where the will of the
people is silenced and their incredible ability quashed.
The Evil Empire has in the last fifty years devastated hundreds of
millions of lives and we are all complicit, thanks to the work of
our government, in the ruination of lives and exploitation of human
energies.
Lands and People of the Middle East
With wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the Evil Empire has killed tens
of thousands of Arabs in the last two years. The remnants of cluster
bombs and depleted uranium used by the American war machine have and
will continue to kill and maim thousands more in the coming decades.
US sponsored sanctions on Iraq, in essence nothing more than a cruel
form of economic genocide that was imposed in the aftermath of Gulf
War I, unleashed its inherent evils for the next decade, resulting
in the death of up to a million men, women and children who were
denied basic necessities needed for survival. This form of crime
against humanity enforced by the Evil Empire was in essence a
quasi-concentration camp in which a million humans perished due to
the American government’s collective punishment on an entire
population.
Iraq, needless to say, has suffered tremendously both by the
one-time American lackey whose tyrannical dictatorship led to the
deaths of thousands of innocent civilians and by US wars and
sanctions. The Evil Empire has made the Cradle of Civilization a
walking wasteland of death, suffering and destruction, a barren
desert whose fertility has been eroded.
For years the people of Iran were forced to endure the horrors and
despotism of the shah, an American proctor and puppet that subjected
his people to tyranny, oppression and exploitation. Democracy was
subverted, many innocent civilians were killed or disappeared and
the nation fell into decay while the shah and his cronies basked in
the splendor of oil’s rewards. When the masses finally revolted, the
American embassy was attacked and destroyed, a clear symbol of who
the people thought was responsible for their misery. The Great Satan
was purged from the lands of Persia and to this day has not
returned.
Today, Saudi Arabia is controlled by a US-protected monarchy loyal
to its masters. Meanwhile, the people linger in growing poverty and
desperation. Democracy is non-existent, as are freedoms and
liberties. As a result, many living below human dignity are turning
toward resistance and resentment that is manifesting itself in a
growing hatred of both the Saud monarchy and American “Crusaders”
despoiling sacred Muslim lands.
In Turkey, the Kurdish minority has for years been ethnically
cleansed by the Turkish government. Hundreds of thousands of people
have died and many more maimed and injured thanks to the vast,
modern and sophisticated array of weapons and military hardware
provided by the Evil Empire, who has turned a blind eye to the
genocide and repression that has brought misery and suffering to the
Kurds of Turkey. The Empire’s failure to act in the face of such
crimes against humanity and its approval of arms sales to the
Turkish military makes it complicit in the systemic annihilation and
plight of the Kurdish people.
Through one-sided political support for the crimes against humanity
being perpetrated by Israel against the occupied and oppressed
Palestinian people, the Evil Empire’s hands are smeared in the blood
of a people robbed of their land, raped of their livelihood and
dehumanized of their existence. It is American Apache helicopters,
Abrams tanks, Caterpillar bulldozers, fast missiles, smart bombs,
weapons and bullets that are decimating an entire population, making
prisoners of millions who now live in Bantustans and ghettos.
This, along with billions of dollars in financial and military aid
to the Israeli government has morphed the crimes of the IDF with the
interests of the Evil Empire, forming a Molotov cocktail of
destruction, dehumanization and death. The apartheid wall being
built today that is usurping Palestinian land, crops, water, homes
and lives is in large part possible thanks to American taxpayer
money. The Evil Empire’s role in Israel’s treatment of the native
Palestinian people is apparent in the geopolitical protection
afforded the country by the US and its role in vetoing UN
condemnations of Israeli behavior and by its tacit support for
Israeli actions in the occupied territories.
The Evil Empire is once more involved in the devastation of millions
of people who have been robbed of their lands and lives, live in
utter decay and dehumanization, suffer severe forms of collective
punishment and are being ethnically cleansed in a most meticulous
and abhorrent way. Palestinians are today living in a state of
apartheid, in ghettos resembling large concentration camps, under
the watchful eyes of a trigger-happy occupying force, struggling to
survive on the measly crumbs Israel throws their way and with the
knowledge that their endemic and ruinous plight is endorsed by the
greatest “purveyor of democracy” and “defender of human rights” the
world has ever seen.
In Central Asia, the Evil Empire is systematically forging alliances
with a new group of tyrannical dictators that have subjugated their
people to despotism. In these nations, democracy is dwindling,
freedoms are hardly existent and the decay of liberties is being
exacerbated. Torture, death, misery and poverty are hallmarks of the
new group of dictators now entrenched in the pockets of the US
government. It seems that when vast oil wealth is involved the US
altruistic fight for democracy is a principle that is easily
disposed of and forgotten. The struggle for human rights and dignity
the US so boldly declares as a priority is erased and ignored.
The Evils Done in our Name
The devastation of peoples throughout the planet directly or
indirectly sponsored by the Evil Empire, who through no fault of
their own are denied rights, freedoms and democracy, are subjected
to gross human rights violations and persecutions and face death or
disappearance is a crime against humanity. It is state sponsored
terrorism and genocide. Market colonialism has decimated both
countries and the lives of their inhabitants. Economic genocide has
wrought suffering and increased indigence, robbing millions of
education, healthcare, opportunity and livable wages. The world’s
people have in many instances been enslaved to cater to the
interests of the Evil Empire and its minions.
The evils done in our name have created worldwide animosity and
hatred. They have given rise to desperation and humiliation that is
today manifested by the growing number of humans fighting the system
that has been imposed onto them. From Al-Qaeda to Iraqi freedom
fighters to the Venezuelan poor to enlightened Europeans to the
growing number of sprouting “terror” groups franchising around the
world, the people of the world are growing frustrated at the Evil
Empire’s devastation of peoples in order to suit its interests, both
corporate and governmental.
Billions are searing in anger at the US government and by indirect
complicity at its citizens as well. We are no longer welcome
neighbors in the community of nations. To be American is to be
scorned and castigated, to be unwelcome in the lands of the
exploited and subjugated. The evils done in our name are beginning
to have karmic repercussions throughout the globe, and the danger
now present will affect us all who have been made blind to the
crimes against humanity and the planet being committed by the Evil
Empire.
In the last 200 years the United States has killed, directly or
indirectly, tens of millions of human beings, surpassing the horrors
of evildoers past and present. It has created untold levels of
suffering and depravity, sending untold millions to the sewers of
poverty and dehumanization. These truths are not easy to swallow, or
to accept, yet they are as real as the air we breathe. It is time we
accept the evils done in our name.
George W. Bush is but the latest in a long line of presidents who
have continued the cycle of violence our nation has such a
propensity towards. America, it seems, gravitates naturally towards
violence and destruction, perhaps due to the fact that besides 9/11,
we have never seen the true horrors of what man is capable of
unleashing onto his fellow man. The reality that afflicts billions
is to us a distant haze of blurriness. We have not been made privy
to the suffering and misery, the death, disease and maiming of a
land in war, an environment in flames and a people in battle. Our
luck has been the world’s misfortune.
Our society has been made blind to endemic and ceaseless worldwide
suffering at the hands of our government. Through years of
conditioning we now fail to blink at the carnage our military
engenders around the world. From the cradle to the grave we are
subjected to incessant violence, whether real or fictional, that
makes us immune to the torment prevalent in the rest of the world.
Through careful manipulation we are made to believe that war is
peace, destruction is prosperity and murder is life.
The world burns while we live lives of consumption and production,
happy worker bees stuck in hour long commutes working most of our
productive lives. We live in peace and harmony at home, distracted
from reality by our television screens and movie theatres, by our
lavish lifestyles and wasteful society. In the land of the
individual the communality of peoples is an alien principle.
Content, conformist and passive thanks to our nation of plenty, we
care not for peoples outside our borders. We have everything we
need, after all, and a plethora of distractions in our daily lives
prevents us from even considering that a larger world exists beyond
our shores.
The impenetrable bubble we live in protects us from empathizing with
billions whose lives have been made worse since the birth of the
Evil Empire. We have been made ignorant to that which has been
unleashed onto the world and that owes its existence to our
continued lifestyle and complicity by acquiescence and failure to
act. The Evil Empire runs rampant through the planet, devouring all
in its path, enslaving millions and conquering and despoiling lands.
Meanwhile, inside the belly of the beast we sit, basking in
extravagance and splendor, complacent in life and circumstance,
unwilling to open our eyes and minds to the evils done in our name.
Manuel Valenzuela is a social critic and commentator, international
affairs analyst, current events observer, Internet columnist and
author of Echoes in the Wind, a novel now published by
Authorhouse.com. His articles appear regularly at his blog,
http://valenzuelasveritas.blogspot.com/ and at
http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/ as well as at other
alternative news websites from around the globe. Mr. Valenzuela
welcomes comments and can be reached at manuel@valenzuelas.net
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