Presidential ‘debates’ aren’t debates at all – they’re joint press conferences

By Naomi Schalit

October 16, 2019 "Information Clearing House" - Democratic presidential contenders gather Tuesday evening in Ohio for the latest in a series of televised question-and-answer sessions in the lead-up to the 2020 primary season.

These sessions are called debates by their sponsors and the participants. But are they really?

Presidential debate scholars have long lamented that presidential debates are not really debates at all, but canned mini-speeches at what amounts to a joint press conference.

According to authors Austin Freeley and David Steinberg, “Debate is the process of inquiry and advocacy, a way of arriving at a reasoned judgment on a proposition.” The literature on what constitutes that process is wide and varied, but there are widely acknowledged essential elements in that process.

Engage and Argue

I am a communications scholar who directs the debate program at Vanderbilt University. Here’s what I teach my students about debate.

First, the process involves participants engaging each other on a specific topic. They must answer and question each other’s arguments.

Second, it involves arguments for and against a given proposition related to a topic. For example, college debaters may debate a proposition such as: The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war power authority of the president of the United States.

Finally, these arguments occur within an agreed-upon format that gives participants a chance to advocate for and defend their opinions. Format considerations that encourage direct argumentation and engagement include time limits, the ability to offer a rebuttal to an opponent’s arguments and cross-examination by participants.

If this all occurs, then an audience can potentially reach a reasoned judgment on the topic.

These are the essential elements of a debate.

Lack of Specifics

Yet in the presidential debates of the last half-century, rarely are specific propositions presented as the focus of the debate.

Presidential rhetoric expert Theodore Windt says that in the 1960 presidential debates, “The candidates wanted only broad topics to be discussed… They did not want to debate specific propositions of policy… They would not really debate, either in format or form, but would answer questions from journalists about a wide range of topics.”